Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) is a fundamental coenzyme found in every living cell that serves as a critical electron carrier in mitochondrial energy production and as a vital substrate for sirtuins and PARPs, enzymes central to regulating aging, DNA repair, and inflammation. With a molecular weight of 663.43 g/mol, declining NAD+ levels are a hallmark of aging, and supplementation in experimental models reverses age-related mitochondrial dysfunction, improves metabolic homeostasis, and extends healthspan through SIRT1 activation. It demonstrates neuroprotective actions in Parkinson’s disease models by protecting dopamine-producing cells, maintains DNA integrity by serving as substrate for PARP enzymes in repair, and modulates inflammatory pathways via NAMPT regulation.



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