LL-37 (5mg)

LL-37 is the only cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide in humans, a 37-amino-acid peptide (MW 4493.34 g/mol) produced by immune cells and epithelial cells that exerts direct bactericidal action by disrupting bacterial membranes and acts as a potent immunomodulator by chemotaxing immune cells and modifying cytokine production. Its complex role spans inflammatory and autoimmune models where it acts as a homeostatic regulator, lung disease models where it promotes epithelial repair, and angiogenesis where it stimulates endothelial cell proliferation via prostaglandin E2 signaling. It also helps maintain the intestinal epithelial barrier, reduces TNF-related cell death, and modulates immune recognition through interaction with self-RNA and DNA, balancing host defense and autoimmunity.