Thymosin Alpha-1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring 28-amino-acid peptide (MW 3108.3 g/mol) that acts as a potent biological response modifier by enhancing natural killer cell activity, promoting T-cell differentiation, and upregulating cytokine production while increasing MHC class I expression for improved antigen presentation. In infectious disease models, it restores immune function in chronic infections like hepatitis and tuberculosis, and in sepsis mitigates early-stage inflammation by enhancing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Its neuroprotective properties promote neurogenesis by increasing BDNF and NGF while reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and it demonstrates anti-proliferative effects in cancer cell lines while showing promise in inflammatory pain, cystic fibrosis, and dental repair.



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